Anchi
Scientific Name: American Ginseng Other Names: Canadian Ginseng, Five Fingers, Ginseng, American, North American Ginseng, Panax quinquefolius, Red Berry, Ren Shen
References
Alexander W. Ginseng extract: immune system builder. P&T. 2006;31(12):735.
Amato P, Christophe S, Mellon PL. Estrogenic activity of herbs commonly used as remedies for menopausal symptoms. Menopause. 2002;9(2):145-50.
Assinewe VA, Amason JT, Aubry A, Mullin J, Lemaire I. Extractable polysaccharides of Panax quinquefolius L. (North American ginseng) root stimulate TNFalpha production by alveolar macrophages. Phytomedicine. 2002;9(5):398-404.
Assinewe VA, Baum BR, Gagnon D, Arnason JT. Phytochemistry of Wild Populations of Panax quinquefolius L. (North American Ginseng). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2003;51(16):4549-4553.
Aung HH, Mehendale SR, Wang CZ, Xie JT, McEntee E, Yuan CS. Cisplatin's tumoricidal effect on human breast carcinoma MCF-7 cells was not attenuated by American ginseng. Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology. Epublished ahead of print June 24, 2006.
Banz WJ, Iqbal MJ, Bollaert M, et al. Ginseng modifies the diabetic phenotype and genes associated with diabetes in the male ZDF rat. Phytomedicine. 2007;14(10):681-689.
Bestman HD. Ginseng. 2000. Biology Department. The King's University College. Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Available at: http://www.kingsu.ab.ca/~hank/HDBMfiles/Ginseng%20l ecture/Lecture%20on%20ginseng.htm. Accessed October 20, 2004.
Beveridge TH, Li TS, Drover JC. Phytosterol content in American ginseng seed oil. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2002;50(4):744-750.
Bucci LR. Selected herbals and human exercise performance. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2000;72(2 Suppl):624S-636S.
Blumenthal M. Ginseng takes root in Wall Street. HerbalGram. 1993;28:10.
Blumenthal M, Gruenwald J, Hall T, Rister RS, eds. The Complete German Commission E Monographs. Austin, Texas: American Botanical Council; 1998.
Boehringer SK. Drug interaction between warfarin and ginseng. Pharmacists Letter. October 2004. 20(201007).
Brown R. Potential interactions of herbal medicines with antipsychotics, antidepressants and hypnotics. European Journal of Herbal Medicine. 1997;3:25-28.
Chase C. Emerging alternative therapies for type 2 diabetes. American Botanical Council HerbClip. September 10, 2002.
Chen SE. American ginseng. III. Pharmacokinetics of ginsenosides in the rabbit. European Journal of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics. 1980;5:161-168.
Cruse-Sanders JM, Hamrick JL. Spatial and genetic structure within populations of wild American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L., Araliaceae). Journal of Heredity. 2004;95(4):309-321.
Dasgupta A, Reyes MA. Effect of Brazilian, Indian, Siberian, Asian, and North American ginseng on serum digoxin measurement by immunoassays and binding of digoxin-like immunoreactive components of ginseng with Fab fragment of antidigoxin antibody (Digibind). American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 2005;124(2):229-236.
Dasgupta A, Veras E. Effectiveness of activated charcoal and equilibrium dialysis in removing Asian, American, Siberian and Indian ginseng from human serum. Clinica Chimica Acta. 2006;367(1-2):144-149.
Duda RB, Zhong Y, Navas V, Li MZ, Toy BR, Alvarez JG.
American Ginseng and Breast Cancer Therapeutic Agents Synergistically Inhibit MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cell Growth. Journal of Surgical Oncology 1999; 72(4):230-239.
Durgnat JM, Heuser J, Andrey D, Perrin C. Quality and safety assessment of ginseng extracts by determination of the contents of pesticides and metals. Food Additives and Contaminants. 2005;22(12):1224-1230.
Fu Y, Ji LL. Chronic ginseng consumption attenuates age-associated oxidative stress in rats. Journal of Nutrition. 2003;133(11):3603-3609.
Gagnon D. An analysis of the sustainability of American ginseng harvesting from the wild: the problem and possible solutions. Final report to the Office of Scientific Authority of the US Fish and Wildlife Service. May 10, 1999. Available at: http://www.nps.gov/plants/medicinal/pubs/ginseng.ht m. Accessed May 22, 2003.
Garner-Wizard M. Wild ginseng poaching on federal lands. American Botanical Council HerbClip. December 10, 2002.
Gonzalez-Seijo JC, et al. Manic episode and ginseng: Report of a possible case. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1995;15:447-448.
Gray SL, Lackey BR, Tate PL, Riley MB, Camper ND. Mycotoxins in root extracts of American and Asian ginseng bind estrogen receptors alpha and beta. Experimental Biology and Medicine (Maywood, NJ). 2004;229(6):560-568.
Grieve M. Ginseng. In: A Modern Herbal. New York: Dover Publishers, 1971. Available at: http://www.botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/mgmh.html. Posted 1995. Accessed May 22, 2003.
HealthNotes, Inc. American ginseng. 2002. Available at: http://www.mycustompak.com/healthNotes/Herb/Ginseng_American.htm Accessed March 28, 2003.
Hsu CC, Ho MC, Lin LC, Su B, Hsu MC. American ginseng supplementation attenuates creatine kinase level induced by submaximal exercise in human beings. World Journal of Gastroenterology. 2005;11(34):5327-5331.
Jellin JM, Gregory P, Batz F, Hitchens K, et al, eds. Pharmacist's Letter/Prescriber's Letter. Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database, 3rd Edition. Stockton CA: Therapeutic Research Facility, 2000.
Kang KS, Yamabe N, Kim HY, Okamoto T, Sei Y, Yokozawa T. Increase in the free radical scavenging activities of American ginseng by heat processing and its safety evaluation. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2007;113(2):225-232.
King ML, Murphy LL. American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) extract alters mitogen-activated protein kinase cell signaling and inhibits proliferation of MCF-7 cells. Journal of Experimental Therapeutics and Oncology. 2007;6(2):147-155.
King ML, Adler SR, Murphy LL. Extraction-Dependent Effects of American Ginseng (Panax quinquefolium [sic]) on Human Breast Cancer Cell Proliferation and Estrogen Receptor Activation. Integrated Cancer Therapy. 2006;5(3):236-243.
Kitts D, Hu C. Efficacy and safety of ginseng. Public Health and Nutrition. 2000;3(4A):473-485.
Kitts DD, Wijewickreme AN, Hu C. Antioxidant properties of a North American ginseng extract. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry. 2000;203(1-2):1-10.
Kwan CY. Vascular effects of selected antihypertensive drugs derived from traditional medicinal herbs. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology Supplement. 1995;22(1):S297-S299.
Lian XY, Zhang Z, Stringer JL. Anticonvulsant and neuroprotective effects of ginsenosides in rats. Epilepsy Research. 2006;70(2-3):244-256.
Lian XY, Zhang Z, Stringer JL. Protective effects of ginseng components in a rodent model of neurodegeneration. Annals of Neurology. 2005;57(5):642-648.
Lim W, Mudge KW, Vermeylen F. Effects of population, age, and cultivation methods on ginsenoside content of wild American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium [sic]). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2005;53(22):8498-8505.
Liu D, Li B, Liu Y, Attele AS, Kyle JW, Yuan CS. Voltage-dependent inhibition of brain Na(+) channels by American ginseng. European Journal of Pharmacology. 2001;413(1):47-54.
Lyon MR, Cline JC, Totosy de Zepetnek J, Shan JJ, Pang P, Benishin C. Effect of the herbal extract combination Panax quinquefolium [sic] and Ginkgo biloba on attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a pilot study. Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience. 2001;26(3):221-228.
McElhaney JE, Gravenstein S, Cole SK, et al. A placebo-controlled trial of a proprietary extract of North American ginseng (CVT-E002) to prevent acute respiratory illness in institutionalized older adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2004;52(1):13-19.
McElhaney JE, Goel V, Toane B, Hooten J, Shan JJ. Efficacy of COLD-fX in the prevention of respiratory symptoms in community-dwelling adults: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo controlled trial. Journal of Alternate and Complementary Medicine. 2006;12(2):153-157.
McGuffin M, et al, ed. American Herbal Products Association's Botanical Safety Handbook. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1997.
Mills E, Wu P, Johnston BC, Gallicano K, Clarke M, Guyatt G. Natural health product-drug interactions: a systematic review of clinical trials. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. 2005;27(5):549-557.
Missouri State Conservation Commission. American ginseng. August 17, 2000. Available at: http://www.conservation .state.mo.us/nathis/plantpage/flora/ginseng/ Accessed May 22, 2003.
Murphy LL, Lee TJ. Ginseng, sex behavior, and nitric oxide. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2002;962:372-377.
Nah SY, Park HJ, McCleskey EW. A trace component of ginseng that inhibits Ca2+ channels through a pertussis toxin-sensitive G protein. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U S A. 1995;92(19):8739-8743.
Nakamura S, Sugimoto S, Matsuda H, Yoshikawa M. Medicinal flowers. XVII. New dammarane-type triterpene glycosides from flower buds of American ginseng, Panax quinquefolium [sic] L. Chemistry and Pharmacy Bulletin (Tokyo). 2007;55(9):1342-1348.
Natural Resources Conservation Service. Forest Service. U.S. Department of Agriculture. American Ginseng production in woodlots. Argoforestry Note 14. July 1999.
Oliff HS. American ginseng and cancer drugs inhibit breast cancer growth in in vitro study. HerbalGram. 2001;53:18.
Oliff HS. Should ginseng be used to treat diabetes? HerbalGram. March 22, 2002.
Oshima Y, Sato K, Hikino H. Isolation and hypoglycemic activity of quinquefolans A, B, and C, glycans of Panax quinquefolium roots. Journal of Natural Products. 1987;50(2):188-190.
Palisin TE, Stacy JJ. Ginseng: is it in the root? Current Sports Medicine Report. 2006;5(4):210-214.
Pawar AA, Tripathi DN, Ramarao P, Jena G. Protective effects of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium [sic]) against mitomycin C induced micronuclei in mice. Phytotherapy Research. Epublished ahead of print. July 27, 2007.
Popovich DG, Kitts DD. Generation of ginsenosides Rg3 and Rh2 from North American ginseng. Phytochemistry. 2004;65(3):337-344.
Predy GN, Goel V, Lovlin R, Donner A, Stitt L, Basu TK. Efficacy of an extract of North American ginseng containing poly-furanosyl-pyranosyl-saccharides for preventing upper respiratory tract infections: a randomized controlled trial. CMAJ. 2005;173(9):1043-1048.
Rotshteyn Y, Zito SW. Application of modified in vitro screening procedure for identifying herbals possessing sulfonylurea-like activity. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2004;93(2-3):337-344.
Roxas M, Jurenka J. Colds and influenza: a review of diagnosis and conventional, botanical, and nutritional considerations. Alternative Medicine Review. 2007;12(1):25-48.
Schlag EM, McIntosh MS. Ginsenoside content and variation among and within American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) populations. Phytochemistry. 2006;67(14):1510-1519.
Schulman RN. American ginseng reduces blood sugar levels after meals in type II diabetes in small trial. HerbalGram. 2001;53:19.
Sengupta S, Toh SA, Sellers LA, et al. Modulating angiogenesis: the yin and the yang in ginseng. Circulation. 2004;110(10):1219-1225.
Shao ZH, Xie JT, Vanden Hoek TL, et al. Antioxidant effects of American ginseng berry extract in cardiomyocytes exposed to acute oxidant stress. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 2004;1670(3):165-171.
Sievenpiper JL, Arnason JT, Leiter LA, Vuksan V. Decreasing, null and increasing effects of eight popular types of ginseng on acute postprandial glycemic indices in healthy humans: the role of ginsenosides. Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2004;23(3):248-258.
Sievenpiper JL, Arnason JT, Leiter LA, Vuksan V. Variable effects of American ginseng: a batch of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) with a depressed ginsenoside profile does not affect postprandial glycemia. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003;57(2):243-248.
Sloley BD, Pang PK, Huang BH, et al. American ginseng extract reduces scopolamine-induced amnesia in a spatial learning task. Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience. 1999;24(5):442-452.
Stavro PM, Woo M, Heim TF, Leiter LA, Vuksan V. North American ginseng exerts a neutral effect on blood pressure in individuals with hypertension. Hypertension. 2005;46(2):406-411.
Stavro PM, Woo M, Leiter LA, Heim TF, Sievenpiper JL, Vuksan V. Long-term intake of North American ginseng has no effect on 24-hour blood pressure and renal function. Hypertension. 2006 Apr;47(4):791-796.
Vuksan V, Sievenpiper JL, Koo VY, et al. American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L) reduces postprandial glycemia in nondiabetic subjects and subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Archives of Internal Medicine. 2000;160(7):1009-1013.
Vuksan V, Stavro MP, Sievenpiper JL, Beljan-Zdravkovic U, Leiter LA, Josse RG, Xu Z. Similar postprandial glycemic reductions with escalation of dose and administration time of American ginseng in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2000;23(9):1221-1226.
Vuksan V, Sievenpiper JL, Wong J, et al. American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) attenuates postprandial glycemia in a time-dependent but not dose-dependent manner in healthy individuals. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2001;73(4):753-758.
Vuksan V, Stavro MP, Sievenpiper JL, et al. American ginseng improves glycemia in individuals with normal glucose tolerance: effect of dose and time escalation. Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2000;19(6):738-744.
Wang CL, Shi DZ, Yin HJ. Effect of panax quinquefolius saponin on angiogenesis and expressions of VEGF and bFGF in myocardium of rats with acute myocardial infarction. [Article in Chinese] Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi. 2007;27(4):331-334.
Wang CZ, Aung HH, Ni M, et al. Red American ginseng: ginsenoside constituents and antiproliferative activities of heat-processed Panax quinquefolius roots. Planta Medica. 2007;73(7):669-674.
Wang CZ, Zhang B, Song WX, et al. Steamed American ginseng berry: ginsenoside analyses and anticancer activities. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2006;54(26):9936-9942.
Wang M, Guilbert LJ, Li J, et al. A proprietary extract from North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium [sic]) enhances IL-2 and IFN-gamma productions in murine spleen cells induced by Con-A. International Immunopharmacology. 2004;4(2):311-315.
Wei XY, Yang JY, Wang JH, Wu CF. Anxiolytic effect of saponins from Panax quinquefolium in mice. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2007;111(3):613-618.
Wu CF, Liu YL, Song M, Liu W, Wang JH, Li X, Yang JY. Protective effects of pseudoginsenoside-F11 on methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity in mice. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior. 2003;76(1):103-109.
Xie JT, Mehendale SR, Wang A, et al. American ginseng leaf: ginsenoside analysis and hypoglycemic activity. Pharmacology Research. 2004;49(2):113-117.
Xie JT, Shao ZH, Vanden Hoek TL, et al. Antioxidant effects of ginsenoside Re in cardiomyocytes. European Journal of Pharmacology. 2006;532(3):201-207.
Xie JT, Wu JA, Mehendale S, Aung HH, Yuan CS. Anti-hyperglycemic effect of the polysaccharides fraction from American ginseng berry extract in ob/ob mice. Phytomedicine. 2004;11(2-3):182-187.
Yeh GY, Eisenberg DM, Kaptchuk TJ, Phillips RS. Systematic review of herbs and dietary supplements for glycemic control in diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2003;26(4):1277-1294.
Yuan CS, Wei G, Dey L, et al. Brief communication: American ginseng reduces warfarin's effect in healthy patients: a randomized, controlled Trial. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2004;141(1):23-27.
Yuan CS, Wang X, Wu JA, Attele AS, Xie JT, Gu M. Effects of Panax quinquefolius L. on brainstem neuronal activities: comparison between Wisconsin-cultivated and Illinois-cultivated roots. Phytomedicine. 2001;8(3):178-183.
Last Revised October 17, 2007
|